Homolytic H 2 dissociation for enhanced hydrogenation catalysis on oxides.

The limited surface coverage and activity of active hydrides on oxide surfaces pose challenges for efficient hydrogenation reactions. Herein, we quantitatively distinguish the long-puzzling homolytic dissociation of hydrogen from the heterolytic pathway on Ga 2 O 3 , that is useful for enhancing hydrogenation ability of oxides. By combining transient kinetic analysis with infrared and mass spectroscopies, we identify the catalytic role of coordinatively unsaturated Ga 3+ in homolytic H 2 dissociation, which is formed in-situ during the initial heterolytic dissociation. This site facilitates easy hydrogen dissociation at low temperatures, resulting in a high hydride coverage on Ga 2 O 3 (H/surface Ga 3+ ratio of 1.6 and H/OH ratio of 5.6). The effectiveness of homolytic dissociation is governed by the Ga-Ga distance, which is strongly influenced by the initial coordination of Ga 3+ . Consequently, by tuning the coordination of active Ga 3+ species as well as the coverage and activity of hydrides, we achieve enhanced hydrogenation of CO 2 to CO, methanol or light olefins by 4-6 times.