Toward Estimating CO 2 Solubility in Pure Water and Brine Using Cascade Forward Neural Network and Generalized Regression Neural Network: Application to CO 2 Dissolution Trapping in Saline Aquifers.

Predicting carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) solubility in water and brine is crucial for understanding carbon capture and storage (CCS) processes. Accurate solubility predictions inform the feasibility and effectiveness of CO 2 dissolution trapping, a key mechanism in carbon sequestration in saline aquifers. In this work, a comprehensive data set comprising 1278 experimental solubility data points for CO 2 -brine systems was assembled, encompassing diverse operating conditions. These data encompassed brines containing six different salts: NaCl, KCl, NaHCO 3 , CaCl 2 , MgCl 2 , and Na 2 SO 4 . Also, this databank encompassed temperature spanning from 273.15 to 453.15 K and a pressure range spanning 0.06-100 MPa. To model this solubility databank, cascade forward neural network (CFNN) and generalized regression neural network (GRNN) were employed. Furthermore, three optimization algorithms, namely, Bayesian Regularization (BR), Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno (BFGS) quasi-Newton, and Levenberg-Marquardt (LM), were applied to enhance the performance of the CFNN models. The CFNN-LM model showcased average absolute percent relative error (AAPRE) values of 5.37% for the overall data set, 5.26% for the training subset, and 5.85% for the testing subset. Overall, the CFNN-LM model stands out as the most accurate among the models crafted in this study, boasting the highest overall R 2 value of 0.9949 among the other models. Based on sensitivity analysis, pressure exerts the most significant influence and stands as the sole parameter with a positive impact on CO 2 solubility in brine. Conversely, temperature and the concentration of all six salts considered in the model exhibited a negative impact. All salts exert a negative impact on CO 2 solubility due to their salting-out effect, with varying degrees of influence. The salting-out effects of the salts can be ranked as follows: from the most pronounced to the least: MgCl 2 > CaCl 2 > NaCl > KCl > NaHCO 3 > Na 2 SO 4 . By employing the leverage approach, only a few instances of potential suspected and out-of-leverage data were found. The relatively low count of identified potential suspected and out-of-leverage data, given the expansive solubility database, underscores the reliability and accuracy of both the data set and the CFNN-LM model's performance in this survey.