Significant volume is pooled in veins in humans and the amount is dramatically altered by various physiological stresses and diseases. Several animal and human studies demonstrated that limb venous distension evoked significant increases in blood pressure and sympathetic nerve activity (venous distension reflex, VDR). VDR has attracted much attention because of its potential to explain the still unknown mechanism of autonomic dysfunction in several diseases, which would lead to a new treatment approach. This mini review discusses accumulated evidence of VDR at this point and what should be investigated in the future to apply the current understanding of VDR in clinical practice.
Keyphrases
- blood pressure
- clinical practice
- endothelial cells
- heart rate
- working memory
- heart rate variability
- oxidative stress
- current status
- randomized controlled trial
- clinical trial
- atomic force microscopy
- type diabetes
- metabolic syndrome
- inferior vena cava
- hypertensive patients
- insulin resistance
- adipose tissue
- open label
- case control
- study protocol
- phase iii
- high speed
- replacement therapy