Predictors of damage accrual in systemic lupus erythematosus: a longitudinal observational study with focus on neuropsychological factors and anti-neuronal antibodies.

Disease activity and immunomodulator use associate with lupus damage. Of the anti-neuronal antibodies examined, anti-NSPA emerged as a potential poor prognostic factor, probably related to severe SLE onset requiring elevated corticosteroid doses. Key Points • Anti-NSPA may be a worse prognostic factor in SLE. • Other neuropsychological factors do not influence damage.