Adaptive optics-based wavefront-enhanced laser-induced fluorescence (WELIF) for improved analytical performance.

The current study proposes a novel optical approach based on an adaptive optics (AO) system to enhance the fluorescence intensity in the laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) technique. The proposed method, wavefront-enhanced LIF (WELIF), relies mainly on compensating for the aberrations arising from the excitation-laser wavefront. The AO system consists of an active correction element (deformable mirror (DM)) integrated with a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor (SHWFS). The overall system operates in a closed-loop configuration to compensate for the laser beam aberrations in real time. The performance of the interaction of the aberration-free excitation laser beam with solid samples, e.g. , bone, leaf, polymer sheet, and with liquid samples, e.g. , extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), showed a pronounced improvement in the fluorescence peak intensity. As an analytical application example, detailed WELIF measurements have been performed on five EVOO brands to demonstrate the validity of the new approach. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the proposed system was evaluated by measuring the enhancement factor, i.e. , the ratio between the fluorescence peak intensity after aberration compensation (AC) relative to the initial peak intensity before aberration compensation (BC). The results reveal that the fluorescence peak intensities have been enhanced with ranges from 20% to 98% after compensation (AC). Besides, the results were statistically assessed based on the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve (84% sensitivity AC and 82% BC) and partial least squares regression, PLSR, with a 0.94 coefficient of determination AC compared to 0.90 BC.