Bioprospecting for Novel Probiotic Strains from Human Milk and Infants: Molecular, Biochemical, and Ultrastructural Evidence.

Human milk comprises a diverse array of microbial communities with health-promoting effects, including colonization and development of the infant's gut. In this study, we characterized the bacterial communities in the Egyptian mother-infant pairs during the first year of life under normal breastfeeding conditions. Out of one hundred isolates, forty-one were chosen for their potential probiotic properties. The selected isolates were profiled in terms of morphological and biochemical properties. The taxonomic evidence of these isolates was investigated based on 16S rRNA gene sequence and phylogenetic trees between the isolates' sequence and the nearest sequences in the database. The taxonomic and biochemical evidence displayed that the isolates were encompassed in three genera: Lactobacillus , Enterococcus , and Lactococcus . The Lactobacillus was the most common genus in human milk and feces samples with a high incidence of its different species ( Lacticaseibacillus paracasei , Lactobacillus delbrueckii , Lactiplantibacillus plantarum , Lactobacillus gasseri , and Lacticaseibacillus casei ). Interestingly, BlastN and Jalview alignment results evidenced a low identity ratio of six isolates (less than 95%) with database sequences. This divergence was supported by the unique physiological, biochemical, and probiotic features of these isolates. The isolate L. delbrueckii , ASO 100 exhibited the lowest identity ratio with brilliant probiotic and antibacterial features suggesting the high probability of being a new species. Nine isolates were chosen and subjected to probiotic tests and ultrastructural analysis; these isolates exhibited antibiotic resistance and antibacterial activity with high probiotic characteristics, and high potentiality to be used as prophylactic and therapeutic agents in controlling intestinal pathogens.