Cytokines and Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Biomarkers of a Deadly Embrace.
Krizia PocinoAnnunziata StefanileValerio BasileCecilia NapodanoFrancesca D'AmbrosioRiccardo Di SantoCinzia Anna Maria CallàFrancesca GulliRaffaele SaporitoGabriele CiascaFrancesco EquitaniUmberto BasileMariapaola MarinoPublished in: Journal of personalized medicine (2022)
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents a worldwide health matter with a major care burden, high prevalence, and poor prognosis. Its pathogenesis mainly varies depending on the underlying etiological factors, although it develops from liver cirrhosis in the majority of cases. This review summarizes the role of the most interesting soluble factors as biomarkers for early diagnosis and as recommended targets for treatment in accordance with the new challenges in precision medicine. In the premalignant environment, inflammatory cells release a wide range of cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, prostaglandins, and proangiogenic factors, making the liver environment more suitable for hepatocyte tumor progression that starts from acquired genetic mutations. A complex interaction of pro-inflammatory (IL-6, TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (TGF-α and -β), pro-angiogenic molecules (including the Angiopoietins, HGF, PECAM-1, HIF-1α, VEGF), different transcription factors (NF-kB, STAT-3), and their signaling pathways are involved in the development of HCC. Since cytokines are expressed and released during the different stages of HCC progression, their measurement, by different available methods, can provide in-depth information on the identification and management of HCC.
Keyphrases
- poor prognosis
- signaling pathway
- long non coding rna
- healthcare
- induced apoptosis
- transcription factor
- oxidative stress
- risk factors
- public health
- endothelial cells
- pi k akt
- palliative care
- health information
- mental health
- cell cycle arrest
- cell proliferation
- inflammatory response
- endoplasmic reticulum stress
- genome wide
- cell death
- lps induced
- toll like receptor
- immune response
- vascular endothelial growth factor
- transforming growth factor
- nuclear factor
- optical coherence tomography
- pain management
- copy number
- risk assessment