CO 2 Angiography in the Standard and Complex Endovascular Repair of the Abdominal Aorta-A Narrative Review of the Literature.

Background/Objectives : Carbon dioxide digital-subtraction angiography (CO 2 -DSA) is an increasingly adopted technique in endovascular aortic repair (EVAR) and fenestrated/branched EVAR (F/B-EVAR); it is used to reduce the amount of iodinate contrast medium (ICM) and prevent postoperative renal function worsening (PO-RFW). Our aim is to report results from the literature on EVAR and F/B-EVAR procedures using CO 2 -DSA, together with wider applications in aortic endovascular treatment. Methods : We performed a literature review by searching electronic databases for published data on CO 2 -DSA during EVAR and F/B-EVAR procedures. The endpoints were postoperative renal function worsening (PO-RFW) and efficacy of intraoperative arterial visualization. Further, applications of CO 2 for thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) were described. Results : Seventeen studies reporting results on CO 2 -DSA in EVAR (644 patients) were retrieved. Overall, 372 (58%) procedures were performed with CO 2 alone, and 272 (42%) were performed with CO 2 +ICM. Eight studies analyzed the effect of CO 2 -DSA angiography on PO-RFW; four studies showed a significantly lower rate of PO-RFW compared to ICM. Five studies (153 patients) analyzed intraoperative arterial visualization with CO 2 -DSA; renal and hypogastric arteries were effectively visualized in 69% and 99% of cases, respectively. The use of CO 2 -DSA in F/B-EVAR has not been widely investigated. The largest series reported that PO-RFW was lower in the CO 2 vs. ICM group. Conclusions : Carbon dioxide is widely applied in modern aortic endovascular treatment. CO 2 -DSA for EVAR and F/B-EVAR is an efficient technique for reducing PO-RFW while allowing acceptable arterial intraoperative visualization.