Since China announced that it will strive to achieve carbon peak by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2060, it has become the focus of the whole society. The implementation of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals requires a range of revolutionary technologies and involves an array of key scientific questions. A great deal of research has focused on the development of new concepts and innovative technologies on carbon science and sustainable development . NSR recently interviewed Professor Jing-Hai Li about the topic of the future of carbon neutrality science and technology from a scientific research perspective. Professor Li is an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) at the Institute of Process Engineering, CAS. He is a scientist who has been working on exploring complex systems in chemical engineering by multi-scale methodology for more than 30 years. He proposed the concept of Mesoscience, a new interdisciplinary discipline .