Infection, Dysbiosis and Inflammation Interplay in the COVID Era in Children.
Laura Marinela AilioaieConstantin AilioaieGerhard LitscherPublished in: International journal of molecular sciences (2023)
For over three years, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in children and adolescents has generated repercussions, especially a few weeks after infection, for symptomatic patients who tested positive, for asymptomatic ones, or even just the contacts of an infected person, and evolved from severe forms such as multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) to multifarious clinical manifestations in long COVID (LC). Referred to under the umbrella term LC, the onset of persistent and highly heterogeneous symptoms such as fatigue, post-exertion malaise, cognitive dysfunction, and others have a major impact on the child's daily quality of life for months. The first aim of this review was to highlight the circumstances of the pathophysiological changes produced by COVID-19 in children and to better understand the hyperinflammation in COVID-19 and how MIS-C, as a life-threatening condition, could have been avoided in some patients. Another goal was to better identify the interplay between infection, dysbiosis, and inflammation at a molecular and cellular level, to better guide scientists, physicians, and pediatricians to advance new lines of medical action to avoid the post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The third objective was to identify symptoms and their connection to molecular pathways to recognize LC more easily. The fourth purpose was to connect the triggering factors of LC with related sequelae following acute SARS-CoV-2 injuries to systems and organs, the persistence of the virus, and some of its components in hidden reservoirs, including the gut and the central nervous system. The reactivation of other latent infectious agents in the host's immune environments, the interaction of this virus with the microbiome, immune hyperactivation, and autoimmunity generated by molecular mimicry between viral agents and host proteins, could initiate a targeted and individualized management. New high-tech solutions, molecules, probiotics, and others should be discovered to innovatively solve the interplay between RNA persistent viruses, microbiota, and our immune system.
Keyphrases
- sars cov
- respiratory syndrome coronavirus
- coronavirus disease
- simultaneous determination
- young adults
- oxidative stress
- liver failure
- end stage renal disease
- respiratory failure
- drug induced
- healthcare
- primary care
- sleep quality
- mass spectrometry
- preterm infants
- mental health
- single molecule
- chronic kidney disease
- newly diagnosed
- early onset
- randomized controlled trial
- peritoneal dialysis
- high resolution
- depressive symptoms
- intensive care unit
- tandem mass spectrometry
- aortic dissection
- hepatitis b virus
- gestational age
- drug delivery
- extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
- systematic review
- gas chromatography