Variation in human water turnover associated with environmental and lifestyle factors.
Yosuke YamadaXueying ZhangMary E T HendersonHiroyuki SagayamaHerman PontzerDaiki WatanabeTsukasa YoshidaMisaka KimuraPhilip N AinslieLene Frost AndersenLiam J AndersonLenore ArabIssaad BaddouKweku Bedu-AddoEllen E BlaakStephane BlancAlberto G BonomiCarlijn V C BoutenPascal BovetMaciej S BuchowskiNancy F ButteStefan Gerardus CampsGraeme L CloseJamie A CooperRichard S CooperSai Krupa DasLara R DugasSimon EatonUlf EkelundSonja EntringerTerrence ForresterBarry W FudgeAnnelies Hc GorisMichael D GurvenLewis G HalseyCatherine HamblyAsmae ElhamdouchiMarije B HoosSumei HuNoorjehan JoonasAnnemiek M JoosenPeter Todd KatzmarzykKitty P KempenWilliam E KrausWantanee KriengsinyosRobert F KushnerEstelle Victoria LambertWilliam R LeonardNader LessanCorby K MartinAnine Christine MedinErwin P MeijerJames C MorehenJames P MortonMarian L NeuhouserTheresa A NicklasRobert M OjiamboKirsi H PietiläinenYannis P PitsiladisJacob Plange-RhuleGuy PlasquiRoss L PrenticeRoberto A RabinovichSusan B RacetteDavid A RaichlenEric RavussinLeanne M RedmanJohn Joseph ReillyRebecca M ReynoldsSusan B RobertsAlbertine J SchuitLuis B SardinhaAnaliza Mónica SilvaAnders M SjödinEric SticeSamuel S UrlacherGiulio ValentiLudo M Van EttenEdgar G Van MilJonathan C K WellsGeorge WilsonBrian M WoodJack A YanovskiAlexia J Murphy-AlfordCornelia U LoechlAmy H LukeJennifer C RoodKlaas R WesterterpWilliam W WongMotohiko MiyachiDale A SchoellerJohn R Speakmannull nullPublished in: Science (New York, N.Y.) (2022)
Water is essential for survival, but one in three individuals worldwide (2.2 billion people) lacks access to safe drinking water. Water intake requirements largely reflect water turnover (WT), the water used by the body each day. We investigated the determinants of human WT in 5604 people from the ages of 8 days to 96 years from 23 countries using isotope-tracking ( 2 H) methods. Age, body size, and composition were significantly associated with WT, as were physical activity, athletic status, pregnancy, socioeconomic status, and environmental characteristics (latitude, altitude, air temperature, and humidity). People who lived in countries with a low human development index (HDI) had higher WT than people in high-HDI countries. On the basis of this extensive dataset, we provide equations to predict human WT in relation to anthropometric, economic, and environmental factors.