Association between antibiotic exposure and adverse outcomes of children and pregnant women: evidence from an umbrella review.

Antibiotic exposure in early life was associated with children's long-term health, especially in cases of allergic diseases. Prenatal exposure might also influence children's health in some aspects but requires more high-quality evidence. Potential adverse effects of antibiotics on pregnancy outcomes were not observed in our study. Studies with higher quality and better quantification of antibiotic exposure are needed in the future.