Longitudinal relationship between the child value, parenting stress, and controlling parenting attitudes and the self-esteem of children: Applying the actor-partner interdependence model (APIM) using a latent growth model.

Reducing parenting stress by increasing the parents' positive perception of the value of children can be helpful in maintaining a consistent parenting attitude by parents, which can have a positive effect on self-esteem in children. It is important to provide intervention and management of variables related to self-esteem in children using a long-term and multidimensional approach.