Functionality of apigenin as a potent antioxidant with emphasis on bioavailability, metabolism, action mechanism and in vitro and in vivo studies: A review.
Piyush KashyapDeep ShikhaMamta ThakurAshwin AnejaPublished in: Journal of food biochemistry (2021)
Numerous diseases such as cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular, neurodegenerative diseases, etc. are linked with overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress. Apigenin (5,7,4'-trihydroxyflavone) is a widely distributed flavonoid, responsible for antioxidant potential and chelating redox active metals. Being present as glycosides or polymers, the apigenin degrades to variable amount in the digestive tract; during processing, its activity is also reduced due to high temperature or Fe/Cu addition. Although its metabolism remains elusive, enteric absorption occurs sufficiently to reduce plasma indices of oxidant status. Delayed clearance in plasma and slow liver decomposition enhance its systematic bioavailability. Antioxidant mechanism of apigenin includes: oxidant enzymes inhibition, modulation of redox signaling pathways (NF-kB, Nrf2, MAPK, and P13/Akt), reinforcing enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant, metal chelation, and free radical scavenging. DPPH, ORAC, ABTS, and FRAP are the major in vitro methods for determining the antioxidant potential of apigenin, whereas its protective effects in whole and living cells of animals are examined using in vivo studies. Due to limited information on antioxidant potential of apigenin, its in vitro and in vivo antioxidant effects are, therefore, discussed with action mechanism and interaction with the signaling pathways. This paper concludes that apigenin is a potent antioxidant compound to overcome the difficulties related to oxidative stress and other chronic diseases.
Keyphrases
- oxidative stress
- anti inflammatory
- signaling pathway
- dna damage
- induced apoptosis
- diabetic rats
- ischemia reperfusion injury
- reactive oxygen species
- living cells
- cardiovascular disease
- immune response
- metabolic syndrome
- squamous cell carcinoma
- type diabetes
- high temperature
- pi k akt
- cell death
- epithelial mesenchymal transition
- nitric oxide
- endoplasmic reticulum stress
- weight loss
- fluorescent probe
- health information
- lps induced
- insulin resistance