Negative Cellular Effects of Urban Particulate Matter on Human Keratinocytes Are Mediated by P38 MAPK and NF-κB-dependent Expression of TRPV 1.
Kitae KwonSee-Hyoung ParkByung Seok HanSae Woong OhSeung Eun LeeSe Jung ParkJangsoon KimJi Woong KimYoung-Jin SonChang Seok LeePublished in: International journal of molecular sciences (2018)
Urban particulate matter (UPM) exerts negative effects on various human organs. Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) is a polymodal sensory transducer that can be activated by multiple noxious stimuli. This study aimed to explore the effects of the UPM 1648a on the expression of TRPV1, and its regulatory mechanisms in HaCaT cells. UPM enhanced TRPV 1 promoter-luciferase reporter activity. UPM also increased expression of the TRPV 1 gene as evidenced by increased mRNA and protein levels of TRPV 1. In addition, elucidation of the underlying mechanism behind the UPM-mediated effects on TRPV 1 expression revealed that UPM can upregulate expression of the TRPV1 gene by activating activator protein-1 (AP-1) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). The UPM treatment also altered Ca2+ influx and cell proliferation, as well as production of interleukin-8 (IL-8), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). In addition, these UPM-induced effects were attenuated by SB203580 and ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (PDTC). However, SP600125 and PD98059 did not alter the UPM-induced effects. Taken together, these findings indicate that UPM upregulates expression of the TRPV 1 gene, which is mediated by the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and NF-κB signaling pathways and suggest that UPM is a potential irritant that can induce skin processes such as aging and inflammatory responses.
Keyphrases
- nuclear factor
- poor prognosis
- particulate matter
- signaling pathway
- neuropathic pain
- binding protein
- cell proliferation
- pi k akt
- endothelial cells
- toll like receptor
- rheumatoid arthritis
- oxidative stress
- long non coding rna
- dna methylation
- induced apoptosis
- high glucose
- lps induced
- genome wide
- copy number
- immune response
- cell cycle arrest
- spinal cord injury
- drug induced
- brain injury
- cell death
- tyrosine kinase
- cell cycle
- blood brain barrier
- amino acid
- subarachnoid hemorrhage
- genome wide analysis