Lipoteichoic acid upregulates plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression in parapneumonic effusions.

Culture-positive PPE, especially that caused by GPB, has a significantly higher level of PAI-1 than uncomplicated CN PPE. LTA upregulates PAI-1 expression through activation of TLR2/JNK/activator protein 1 (AP-1) pathway in human PMC. Better understanding of the modulation of PAI-1 synthesis by LTA in PPE may provide potential therapies for infected pleural effusions.