The PPARβ/δ-AMPK Connection in the Treatment of Insulin Resistance.
David Aguilar-RecarteXavier PalomerWalter WahliManuel Vázquez-CarreraPublished in: International journal of molecular sciences (2021)
The current treatment options for type 2 diabetes mellitus do not adequately control the disease in many patients. Consequently, there is a need for new drugs to prevent and treat type 2 diabetes mellitus. Among the new potential pharmacological strategies, activators of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)β/δ show promise. Remarkably, most of the antidiabetic effects of PPARβ/δ agonists involve AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation. This review summarizes the recent mechanistic insights into the antidiabetic effects of the PPARβ/δ-AMPK pathway, including the upregulation of glucose uptake, muscle remodeling, enhanced fatty acid oxidation, and autophagy, as well as the inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress and inflammation. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the effects resulting from the PPARβ/δ-AMPK pathway may provide the basis for the development of new therapies in the prevention and treatment of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Keyphrases
- insulin resistance
- skeletal muscle
- protein kinase
- endoplasmic reticulum stress
- glycemic control
- fatty acid
- high fat diet
- adipose tissue
- metabolic syndrome
- polycystic ovary syndrome
- end stage renal disease
- induced apoptosis
- type diabetes
- high fat diet induced
- oxidative stress
- ejection fraction
- signaling pathway
- newly diagnosed
- blood glucose
- chronic kidney disease
- machine learning
- nitric oxide
- peritoneal dialysis
- hydrogen peroxide
- replacement therapy
- visible light