Transcriptome Analyses Indicate Significant Association of Increased Non-Additive and Allele-Specific Gene Expression with Hybrid Weakness in Rice ( Oryza sativa L.).

The heterosis in hybrid rice is highly affected by the environment and hybrid weakness occurs frequently depending on the genotypes of the hybrid and its parents. Hybrid weakness was also observed in our field experiments on nine rice hybrids produced by 3 × 3 incomplete diallel crosses. Among the nine hybrids, five displayed mid-parent heterosis (MPH) for grain yield per plant, while four showed mid-parent hybrid weakness (MPHW). A sequencing analysis of transcriptomes in panicles at the seed-filling stage revealed a significant association between enhanced non-additive gene expression (NAE) and allele-specific gene expression (ASE) with hybrid weakness. High proportions of ASE genes, with most being of mono-allele expression, were detected in the four MPHW hybrids, ranging from 22.65% to 45.97%; whereas only 4.80% to 5.69% of ASE genes were found in the five MPH hybrids. Moreover, an independence test indicated that the enhancements of NAE and ASE in the MPHW hybrids were significantly correlated. Based on the results of our study, we speculated that an unfavorable environment might cause hybrid weakness by enhancing ASE and NAE at the transcriptome level.