Solutions to address low response rates in online surveys.

Online surveys are increasingly popular in research given their cost-effectiveness and potential reach. However, low response rates remain a key contributor to bias and the overall quality of results. Having a well-designed survey, providing financial remuneration, sending personalized invitations, having regular reminders, and using more than one recruitment strategy are evidence-based approaches to improve response rates. Given the potential for illegitimate responses, approaches that minimize illegitimate participation are discussed.