Sulfated Polysaccharides from Sea Cucumber Cooking Liquid Prevents Obesity by Modulating Gut Microbiome, Transcriptome, and Metabolite Profiles in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet.

We aimed to explore the anti-obesity mechanism from the microbiome, metabolome, and transcriptome viewpoints, focusing on the sulfated polysaccharides found in the cooking liquid of Apostichopus japonicus (CLSP AJ ) to explore the potential mediators of the anti-obesity effects in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). The mice treated with CLSP AJ showed a decrease in obesity and blood lipid levels. Gut microbiome dysbiosis caused by the HFD was reversed after CLSP AJ supplementation, along with increased levels of indole-3-ethanol, N-2-succinyl-L-glutamic acid 5-semialdehyde, and urocanic acid. These increases were positively related to the increased Akkermansia , Lactobacillus , Roseburia , and Phascolarctobacterium . Transcriptome analysis showed that B cell receptor signaling and cytochrome P450 xenobiotic metabolism were the main contributors to the improvement in obesity. Metabolome-transcriptome analysis revealed that CLSP AJ reversal of obesity was mainly due to amino acid metabolism. These findings suggest that CLSP AJ could be a valuable prebiotic preparation for preventing obesity-related diseases.