Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a group of diseases that primarily affect the heart or blood vessels, with high disability and mortality rates, posing a serious threat to human health. The causative factors, pathogenesis, and characteristics of common CVD differ, but they all involve common pathological processes such as inflammation, oxidative stress, and fibrosis. S100A9 belongs to the S100 family of calcium-binding proteins, which are mainly secreted by myeloid cells and bind to the Toll-like receptor 4 and receptor for advanced glycation end products and is involved in regulating pathological processes such as inflammatory response, fibrosis, vascular calcification, and endothelial barrier function in CVD. The latest research has found that S100A9 is a key biomarker for diagnosing and predicting various CVD. Therefore, this article reviews the latest research progress on the diagnostic and predictive, and therapeutic value of S100A9 in inflammatory-related CVD such as atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and arterial aneurysm and summarizes its molecular mechanisms in the progression of CVD, aiming to explore new predictive methods and to identify potential intervention targets for CVD in clinical practice.
Keyphrases
- cardiovascular disease
- oxidative stress
- toll like receptor
- inflammatory response
- human health
- induced apoptosis
- risk assessment
- heart failure
- clinical practice
- randomized controlled trial
- climate change
- cardiovascular events
- nuclear factor
- systematic review
- acute myeloid leukemia
- bone marrow
- dendritic cells
- coronary artery disease
- chronic kidney disease
- metabolic syndrome
- cell death
- cell cycle arrest
- risk factors
- cell proliferation
- cardiovascular risk factors
- heat shock protein