Extracellular vesicle-based drug delivery in cancer immunotherapy.
Sajad NajafiJamal MajidpoorKeywan MortezaeePublished in: Drug delivery and translational research (2023)
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a group of nanoscale membrane-bound organelles including exosomes, microvesicles (MVs), membrane particles, and apoptotic bodies, which are released from almost all eukaryotic cells. Owing to their ingredients, EVs can be employed as biomarkers for human diseases. Interestingly, EVs show favorable features as candidates for targeted drug delivery and thus, they are suggested as ideal drug carriers as well as good vaccines for various human diseases including cancer. Among various drugs loaded in EVs for targeted drug delivery, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), including antibodies against programmed cell death-1 (PD-1), programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), and cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), have attracted an increasing attention for cancer researchers and clinicians. Animal and clinical studies have shown combination of EVs and immunotherapy antibodies to improve the efficacy and reduce possible side effects in systemic administration of ICIs. In this review, we discuss the EVs and their significance in drug delivery with a focus on cancer immunotherapy agents.
Keyphrases
- drug delivery
- cancer therapy
- endothelial cells
- papillary thyroid
- drug release
- cell death
- squamous cell
- induced apoptosis
- stem cells
- cell cycle arrest
- induced pluripotent stem cells
- pluripotent stem cells
- mesenchymal stem cells
- squamous cell carcinoma
- emergency department
- lymph node metastasis
- endoplasmic reticulum stress
- working memory
- signaling pathway
- single molecule
- childhood cancer
- pi k akt