The association between the availability of over the counter codeine and the prevalence of non-medical use.

Joanna HockenhullDavid M WoodFrancina FonsecaMarilena GuareschiNorbert ScherbaumJanetta L IwanickiRichard C DartPaul I Dargan

Published in: European journal of clinical pharmacology (2022)

The prevalence of last 12-month NMU of any codeine product is approximately eight times greater in Spain and four times greater in the UK compared to Germany and Italy where the drug is only available by prescription. While other factors may contribute, these findings suggest that availability of codeine OTC is associated with greater NMU.

Keyphrases

risk factors
healthcare
cross sectional
emergency department
drug induced
adverse drug