Level of Heavy Metals in Fish and Associated Human Health Risk From the Omo Delta in Southern Ethiopia: A First-Hand Report.

This study was the first to investigate the levels of heavy metals in commercially important fish species ( Lates niloticus and Oreochromis niloticus ) and the human health risk in Southern Ethiopia. Sixty fish samples were collected from the Omo delta. The target hazard quotient (THQ), hazard index (HI), and target cancer risk (TCR) were used to estimate the human health risks. The mean levels of heavy metals detected in the liver and muscle of Lates niloticus generally occurred in the order of Fe> Zn > Pb > Cu >Mn> Cr > Co > Ni and Fe > Pb > Zn >Mn > Cu > Co > Cr >Ni, respectively. Similarly, the mean levels of iron in the muscle and liver tissues of Oreochromis niloticus were in the order of Fe > Pb > Zn >Mn> Cu > Cr > Co > Ni and Pb > Fe > Zn >Mn> Co > Cu > Ni, respectively. The THQs in the muscle of L. niloticus and O. niloticus decreased in the order Pb > Cr > Cu >Mn> Co > Zn > Fe> Ni and Pb >Mn> Co > Cu > Zn > Ni> Fe respectively. Pb had the highest THQ value in L. niloticus and O. niloticus , which were 0.61 and 0.409, respectively in adult. Similarly, Pb had noted that, L. niloticus and O. niloticus had the highest THQ values, at 0.87 and 0.58, respectively in children. The HI values due to consumption of L. niloticus muscle were 0.668 for adults and 0.942 for children. The mean concentrations of Pb and Cr in the tissues of L. niloticus and O. niloticus were above the FAO/WHO permissible limits. Consequently, investigating heavy metal pollution levels in fish and human health risks from the Omo delta is imperative for addressing environmental and public health concerns.