A Contemporary Review of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Advanced Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma.
Eun-Mi YuLaura LinvilleMatthew RosenthalJeanny B Aragon-ChingPublished in: Vaccines (2021)
The use of checkpoint inhibitors in advanced and metastatic renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) has rapidly evolved over the past several years. While immune-oncology (IO) drug therapy has been successful at resulting in improved responses and survival, combination therapies with immune checkpoint inhibitors and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors have further improved outcomes. This article reviews the landmark trials that have led to the approval of IO therapies, including the Checkmate 214 trial and combination IO/VEGF TKI therapies with Checkmate 9ER, CLEAR, and Keynote-426, and it includes a discussion on promising therapies moving in the future.
Keyphrases
- vascular endothelial growth factor
- endothelial cells
- squamous cell carcinoma
- small cell lung cancer
- clinical trial
- phase ii
- dna damage
- palliative care
- study protocol
- cell therapy
- randomized controlled trial
- single cell
- tyrosine kinase
- type diabetes
- systematic review
- emergency department
- high grade
- oxidative stress
- metabolic syndrome
- estrogen receptor
- breast cancer cells
- glycemic control
- insulin resistance
- epidermal growth factor receptor
- endoplasmic reticulum
- replacement therapy