Stable Isotope-Guided Metabolomics Reveals Polar-Functionalized Fatty-Acylated RiPPs from Streptomyces .

Ribosomally synthesized and posttranslationally modified peptides (RiPPs) with polar-functionalized fatty acyl groups are a rarely found untapped class of natural products. Although polar-functionalized fatty-acylated RiPPs (PFARs) have potential as antimicrobial agents, the repertoire is still limited. Therefore, expanding the chemical space is expected to contribute to the development of pharmaceutical agents. In this study, we performed genome mining and stable isotope-guided comparative metabolomics to discover new PFAR natural products. We focused on the feature that PFARs incorporate l-arginine or l-lysine as the starter unit of the fatty acyl group and fed 13 C 6 , 15 N 4 -l-arginine or 13 C 6 , 15 N 2 -l-lysine to bacterial cultures. Metabolites were extracted and compared with those extracted from nonlabeled l-arginine or l-lysine fed cultures. We identified putative PFARs and successfully isolated solabiomycin A and B from Streptomyces lydicus NBRC 13 058 and albopeptin B from Streptomyces nigrescens HEK616, which contained a sulfoxide group in the labionin moiety. The gene disruption experiment indicated that solS , which encodes a putative flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) (NAD(P))-binding protein, is involved in the sulfoxidation of aryl sulfides. The solabiomycins showed antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv with a minimum 95% inhibitory concentration (MIC 95 ) of 3.125 μg/mL, suggesting their potential as antituberculosis agents.