Kisspeptins and Glucose Homeostasis in Pregnancy: Implications for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus-a Review Article.
Ezekiel MusaMushi MatjilaNaomi S LevittPublished in: Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.) (2021)
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is becoming an increasingly common complication of pregnancy with the global rise of obesity. The precise pathophysiological mechanisms underpinning GDM are yet to be fully elucidated. Kisspeptin, a peptide encoded by the KISS1 gene, is mainly expressed by placental syncytiotrophoblasts during pregnancy. It is an essential ligand for kisspeptin 1 receptor (KISS1R), which is expressed by both the villous and invasive extravillous cytotrophoblast cells. Circulatory kisspeptins rise dramatically in the second and third trimester of pregnancy coinciding with the period of peak insulin resistance. Kisspeptins stimulate glucose-dependent insulin secretion and decreased plasma levels inversely correlate with markers of insulin resistance. Additionally, kisspeptins play a critical role in the regulation of appetite, energy utilisation and glucose homeostasis. GDM pregnancies have been associated with low circulatory kisspeptins, despite higher placental kisspeptin and KISS1R expression. This review evaluates the role of kisspeptin in insulin secretion, resistance and regulation of appetite as well as its implications in GDM.
Keyphrases
- pregnancy outcomes
- insulin resistance
- preterm birth
- pregnant women
- metabolic syndrome
- weight loss
- adipose tissue
- blood glucose
- high fat diet induced
- high fat diet
- type diabetes
- skeletal muscle
- polycystic ovary syndrome
- induced apoptosis
- poor prognosis
- extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
- glycemic control
- gestational age
- cell cycle arrest
- binding protein
- body weight
- blood pressure
- dna methylation
- body mass index
- physical activity