The link Between traumatic experiences and health in late life: challenges and opportunities for US-based longitudinal aging cohorts.

Trauma, defined as exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury or sexual violence, is a pervasive, major public health challenge that disproportionately burdens socially disadvantaged groups and has known consequences for health outcomes in early and midlife. Despite plausible mechanisms by which trauma may also be a critically important risk factor for health outcomes in late life, there is presently a lack of literature evaluating the consequences of trauma on aging related health outcomes and inequities, such as dementia. In this commentary, we (a) discuss drivers of the paucity of epidemiological evidence on trauma and health outcomes in late life, namely a lack of available data, supported by detailed review of trauma measures, including interpersonal violence-a particularly common form of trauma-in seven established longitudinal aging cohort studies in the United States (US); (b) address four common concerns about the inclusion of trauma measures in cohort studies; and (c) suggest ways forward, including specific assessment tools to measure interpersonal violence after a structured review of the PhenX Toolkit, to facilitate critical research to understand the impact of trauma on outcomes in late life.