The influences of neighborhood disorder on early childhood externalizing problems: The roles of parental stress and child physical maltreatment.

Parents living in chaotic neighborhoods may accumulate higher levels of parental stress and physically maltreat their children, which in turn increased their children's externalizing problems. Our findings support the importance of interventions of early childhood externalizing problems at both the micro and macro levels. Intervention programs that address neighborhood disorders, as well as challenges in parenting, are recommended.