A review of dose escalation for FDA-approved products treating solid tumors and hematological malignancies in first-in-human trials.

First-in-human (FIH) dose-escalation trials on oncology should prioritize safety and emphasize efficacy. We reviewed the FIH trials of 67 anti-tumor products approved by the Food and Drug Administration between 2018 and 2023 and found that the "3 + 3" design remains the predominant dose-escalation method (66.2%). The number of patients receiving sub-therapeutic doses is positively correlated with the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) or maximum dose (MD) to starting dose ratio (P = 0.056) and the number of dose levels in trials (P < 0.001). In addition, the proportion of products with a high ratio in antibody drugs is higher than that in small molecules (P < 0.001). The MTD or MD exceeded the label dose by three or more doses in 22.03% of the products. In conclusion, optimizing the starting dose selection method, refining the way of determining doses, and finding alternative indicators to replace toxicity as the endpoints will increase the effectiveness and broaden the beneficiary scope.