Toward Clean and Economic Production of Highly Efficient Perovskite Solar Module Using a Cost-Effective and Low Toxic Aqueous Lead-Nitrate Precursor.

Toxic substance usage remains one of the major concerns that must be addressed toward the commercialization of perovskite photovoltaics. Herein, we report a highly efficient perovskite solar module (>13%) fabricated via a wet process that uses a unique aqueous Pb(NO 3 ) 2 precursor, eliminating the use of toxic organic solvents during perovskite film preparation. In addition, we demonstrate a unique pattern in a monolithically interconnected module structure to check the uniformity of perovskite film and the quality of laser scribing. Finally, we highlight that this aqueous Pb(NO 3 ) 2 precursor protocol could achieve an enormous cost reduction over conventional PbI 2 organic solutions whether in the laboratory research stage or at mass production scale, strengthening the core competitiveness of perovskite solar cells in the Darwinian ocean of photovoltaic technologies.