New Biomarkers and Treatment Advances in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.
Brahim El HejjiouiSalma LamrabetSarah Amrani JouteiNadia SenhajiTouria BouhafaMoulay Abdelilah MalhoufSanae BennisLaila BouguenouchPublished in: Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) (2023)
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a specific subtype of breast cancer lacking hormone receptor expression and HER2 gene amplification. TNBC represents a heterogeneous subtype of breast cancer, characterized by poor prognosis, high invasiveness, high metastatic potential, and a tendency to relapse. In this review, the specific molecular subtypes and pathological aspects of triple-negative breast cancer are illustrated, with particular attention to the biomarker characteristics of TNBC, namely: regulators of cell proliferation and migration and angiogenesis, apoptosis-regulating proteins, regulators of DNA damage response, immune checkpoints, and epigenetic modifications. This paper also focuses on omics approaches to exploring TNBC, such as genomics to identify cancer-specific mutations, epigenomics to identify altered epigenetic landscapes in cancer cells, and transcriptomics to explore differential mRNA and protein expression. Moreover, updated neoadjuvant treatments for TNBC are also mentioned, underlining the role of immunotherapy and novel and targeted agents in the treatment of TNBC.
Keyphrases
- poor prognosis
- single cell
- dna damage response
- long non coding rna
- dna methylation
- gene expression
- squamous cell carcinoma
- oxidative stress
- small cell lung cancer
- transcription factor
- cell death
- cell therapy
- lymph node
- genome wide
- endoplasmic reticulum stress
- copy number
- risk assessment
- rectal cancer
- young adults
- climate change
- radiation therapy
- bone marrow
- replacement therapy
- signaling pathway
- mesenchymal stem cells