The Role of Exosomes in Stemness and Neurodegenerative Diseases-Chemoresistant-Cancer Therapeutics and Phytochemicals.
Narasimha M BeerakaShalini H DoreswamySurya P SadhuAsha SrinivasanRajeswara Rao PragadaSubbaRao V MadhunapantulaGjumrakch AlievPublished in: International journal of molecular sciences (2020)
Exosomes exhibit a wide range of biological properties and functions in the living organisms. They are nanometric vehicles and used for delivering drugs, as they are biocompatible and minimally immunogenic. Exosomal secretions derived from cancer cells contribute to metastasis, immortality, angiogenesis, tissue invasion, stemness and chemo/radio-resistance. Exosome-derived microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lnc RNAs) are involved in the pathophysiology of cancers and neurodegenerative diseases. For instance, exosomes derived from mesenchymal stromal cells, astrocytes, macrophages, and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells are involved in the cancer progression and stemness as they induce chemotherapeutic drug resistance in several cancer cells. This review covered the recent research advances in understanding the role of exosomes in cancer progression, metastasis, angiogenesis, stemness and drug resistance by illustrating the modulatory effects of exosomal cargo (ex. miRNA, lncRNAs, etc.) on cell signaling pathways involved in cancer progression and cancer stem cell growth and development. Recent reports have implicated exosomes even in the treatment of several cancers. For instance, exosomes-loaded with novel anti-cancer drugs such as phytochemicals, tumor-targeting proteins, anticancer peptides, nucleic acids are known to interfere with drug resistance pathways in several cancer cell lines. In addition, this review depicted the need to develop exosome-based novel diagnostic biomarkers for early detection of cancers and neurodegenerative disease. Furthermore, the role of exosomes in stroke and oxidative stress-mediated neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Parkinson's disease (PD) is also discussed in this article.
Keyphrases
- stem cells
- papillary thyroid
- mesenchymal stem cells
- acute myeloid leukemia
- squamous cell
- oxidative stress
- epithelial mesenchymal transition
- childhood cancer
- induced apoptosis
- lymph node metastasis
- emergency department
- young adults
- squamous cell carcinoma
- atrial fibrillation
- radiation therapy
- combination therapy
- photodynamic therapy
- cell death
- vascular endothelial growth factor
- poor prognosis
- cognitive decline
- ischemia reperfusion injury
- amino acid
- cell migration