Transgenerational Paternal Inheritance of TaCKX GFMs Expression Patterns Indicate a Way to Select Wheat Lines with Better Parameters for Yield-Related Traits.

Members of the TaCKX gene family (GFMs) encode the cytokinin oxygenase/dehydrogenase enzyme (CKX), which irreversibly degrades cytokinins in the organs of wheat plants; therefore, these genes perform a key role in the regulation of yield-related traits. The purpose of the investigation was to determine how expression patterns of these genes, together with the transcription factor-encoding gene TaNAC2-5A , and yield-related traits are inherited to apply this knowledge to speed up breeding processes. The traits were tested in 7 days after pollination (DAP) spikes and seedling roots of maternal and paternal parents and their F 2 progeny. The expression levels of most of them and the yield were inherited in F 2 from the paternal parent. Some pairs or groups of genes cooperated, and some showed opposite functions. Models of up- or down-regulation of TaCKX GFMs and TaNAC2-5A in low-yielding maternal plants crossed with higher-yielding paternal plants and their high-yielding F 2 progeny reproduced gene expression and yield of the paternal parent. The correlation coefficients between TaCKX GFMs, TaNAC2-5A , and yield-related traits in high-yielding F 2 progeny indicated which of these genes were specifically correlated with individual yield-related traits. The most common was expressed in 7 DAP spikes TaCKX2.1 , which positively correlated with grain number, grain yield, spike number, and spike length, and seedling root mass. The expression levels of TaCKX1 or TaNAC2-5A in the seedling roots were negatively correlated with these traits. In contrast, the thousand grain weight (TGW) was negatively regulated by TaCKX2.2.2 , TaCKX2.1 , and TaCKX10 in 7 DAP spikes but positively correlated with TaCKX10 and TaNAC2-5A in seedling roots. Transmission of TaCKX GFMs and TaNAC2-5A expression patterns and yield-related traits from parents to the F 2 generation indicate their paternal imprinting. These newly shown data of nonmendelian epigenetic inheritance shed new light on crossing strategies to obtain a high-yielding F 2 generation.