Sex-Specific Genes and their Expression in the Life History of the Red Alga Bostrychia moritziana (Ceramiales, Rhodomelaceae).

Diverse sex determination mechanisms have been reported in eukaryotes, but little is known about the genetic pathways leading to sex determination in red algae. Sex-specific genes that could be involved in sex determination and sexual differentiation were investigated in the red alga Bostrychia moritziana by analyzing the transcriptomes of various phases including males, females, and tetrasporophytes. Sex dominantly expressed genes which showed >10-fold difference between sexes was isolated using comparative RNA-seq analysis. We found 19 gene homologues, 10 from males, and nine from females, that were found only in one sex in genomic amplification using strains collected from five different localities. Most of the sex-specific genes are involved in important cellular processes including chromosome segregation, nucleo-cytoplasmic protein shuttling, or tRNA modification. Quantitative PCR analysis showed that some sex-specific genes were differently regulated during critical events of sexual reproduction like fertilization and carposporophyte development. We could localize the expression of a male-specific gene in spermatia before and after gamete binding using RNA in situ hybridization. Amino acid sequence identity between male and female homologues of importin alpha gene and PreQ(0) reductase were highly divergent (75% and 74%, respectively), suggesting that these divergent homologues are on non-recombining UV-type chromosomes in their respective sexes. Another set of transcripts were found that were sex dominantly expressed, but not sex-specific. Nineteen out of 39 sex dominantly expressed transcripts were annotated to transposable elements. Our results suggest that sexual differentiation in B. moritziana may be achieved by multi-level regulation of cellular processes, both from genes present only in one sex and differential expression of shared genes.