The association between toxic metals (As, Pb and Cd) exposure and rice cooking methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Heavy metal exposure through rice consumption ( Oryza sativa L.) is a human health concern. This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the association between toxic metals exposure and rice cooking methods. Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, fifteen studies were selected as eligible for the meta-analysis. Our results showed a significant decrease in the content of arsenic, lead, and cadmium following the cooking rice (WMD= -0.04 mg/kg, 95% CI: -0.05, -0.03, P  = 0.000), (WMD = -0.01 mg/kg, 95% CI: -0.01, -0.01, P  = 0.000), and (WMD = -0.01 mg/kg, 95% CI: -0.01, -0.00, P  = 0.000), respectively. Furthermore, based on the subgroup analysis the overall rank order of cooking methods in the rice was rinsed > parboiling > Kateh > high-pressure, microwave, and steaming. The findings of this meta-analysis indicate the beneficial effects of cooking on reducing arsenic, lead, and cadmium exposure via rice consumption.