Cardiac Involvement in Children Affected by COVID-19: Clinical Features and Diagnosis.
Elena S VasichkinaDaria AlekseevaVadim KarevEkaterina PodyachevaIgor KudryavtsevAnzhela GlushkovaAnastasia Y StarshinovaDmitry Anatolievich KudlayAnna StarshinovaPublished in: Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) (2022)
COVID-19 ( Coronavirus disease 2019 ) in children is usually mild. However, multiple organ disorders associated with SARS-CoV-2 ( severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 ) have been detected with poor respiratory symptoms. Cardiac changes are noted in 17% to 75% of cases, which are associated with diagnostic difficulties in high-risk groups for the development of complications that are associated with myocardial damage by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The objective of this review is to identify the most significant symptoms of cardiac involvement affected by COVID-19, which require in-depth examination. The authors analyzed publications from December 2019 to the October 2022, which were published in accessible local and international databases. According to the analysis data, the main sign of myocardial involvement was increasing as cardiomarkers in the patient's blood, in particular troponin I or troponin T. Many authors noted that the increased level of CRP (C-reactive protein) and NT-proBNP, which are accompanied by changes in the ECG (electrocardiogram) and EchoCG (echocardiography), as a rule, were nonspecific. However, the identified cardiac functional dysfunctions affected by SARS-CoV-2, required an cardiac MRI. The lack of timely diagnosis of myocardial involvements, especially in children at high risk for the development of complications associated with SARS-CoV-2 myocardial injury, can lead to death. The direct damage of the structural elements of myocardial blood vessels in patients with severe hypoxic changes resulted from respiratory failure caused by SARS-CoV-2 lung damage, with the development of severe acute diffuse alveolar damage and cell-mediated immune response and myocardial involvement affected by SARS-CoV-2 damage. In this article, the authors introduce a clinical case of a child who dead from inflammatory myocardities with COVID-19 in a background of congenital heart disease and T-cell immunodeficiency.
Keyphrases
- sars cov
- left ventricular
- respiratory syndrome coronavirus
- coronavirus disease
- oxidative stress
- congenital heart disease
- immune response
- young adults
- heart failure
- respiratory failure
- mental health
- magnetic resonance imaging
- extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
- intensive care unit
- randomized controlled trial
- systematic review
- risk factors
- dendritic cells
- single cell
- early onset
- physical activity
- toll like receptor
- sleep quality
- inflammatory response
- electronic health record
- drug induced
- high grade