Iron and Copper Alter the Oxidative Potential of Secondary Organic Aerosol: Insights from Online Measurements and Model Development.

The oxidative potential (OP) of particulate matter has been widely suggested as a key metric for describing atmospheric particle toxicity. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and redox-active transition metals, such as iron and copper, are key drivers of particle OP. However, their relative contributions to OP, as well as the influence of metal-organic interactions and particulate chemistry on OP, remains uncertain. In this work, we simultaneously deploy two novel online instruments for the first time, providing robust quantification of particle OP. We utilize online AA (OP AA ) and 2,7-dichlorofluoroscein (ROS DCFH ) methods to investigate the influence of Fe(II) and Cu(II) on the OP of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). In addition, we quantify the OH production (OP OH ) from these particle mixtures. We observe a range of synergistic and antagonistic interactions when Fe(II) and Cu(II) are mixed with representative biogenic (β-pinene) and anthropogenic (naphthalene) SOA. A newly developed kinetic model revealed key reactions among SOA components, transition metals, and ascorbate, influencing OP AA . Model predictions agree well with OP AA measurements, highlighting metal-ascorbate and -naphthoquinone-ascorbate reactions as important drivers of OP AA . The simultaneous application of multiple OP assays and a kinetic model provides new insights into the influence of metal and SOA interactions on particle OP.