Discovery of the first genome-wide significant risk loci for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
Ditte DemontisRaymond K WaltersJoanna MartinManuel MattheisenThomas Damm AlsEsben AgerboGísli BaldurssonRich BelliveauJonas Byberg-GrauholmMarie Bækvad-HansenFelecia CerratoKimberly ChambertClaire ChurchhouseAshley DumontNicholas ErikssonMichael GandalJacqueline I GoldsteinKatrina L GrasbyJakob GroveOlafur O GudmundssonChristine Søholm HansenMads Engel HaubergMads V HollegaardDaniel P HowriganHailiang HuangJulian B MallerAlicia R MartinNicholas G MartinJennifer MoranJonatan PallesenDuncan S PalmerCarsten Bøcker PedersenMarianne Giørtz PedersenTimothy PoterbaJesper Buchhave PoulsenStephan RipkeElise B RobinsonF Kyle SatterstromHreinn StefánssonChristine StevensPatrick TurleyG Bragi WaltersHyejung WonMargaret J Wrightnull nullnull nullnull nullOle Andreas AndreassenPhilip AshersonChristie L BurtonDorret I BoomsmaBru CormandSøren DalsgaardBarbara FrankeJoshua C GrayDaniel H GeschwindHakon HakonarsonJan HaavikHenry R KranzlerJonna KuntsiKate LangleyKlaus-Peter LeschChristel MiddeldorpAndreas ReifLuis Augusto RohdePanos RoussosRussell SchacharPamela SklarEdmund J S Sonuga-BarkePatrick F SullivanAnita ThaparJoyce Y TungIrwin D WaldmanSarah E MedlandKári StefánssonMerete NordentoftDavid Michael HougaardThomas WergeOle MorsPreben Bo MortensenMark J DalyStephen V FaraoneAnders Dupont BørglumBenjamin M NealePublished in: Nature genetics (2018)
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly heritable childhood behavioral disorder affecting 5% of children and 2.5% of adults. Common genetic variants contribute substantially to ADHD susceptibility, but no variants have been robustly associated with ADHD. We report a genome-wide association meta-analysis of 20,183 individuals diagnosed with ADHD and 35,191 controls that identifies variants surpassing genome-wide significance in 12 independent loci, finding important new information about the underlying biology of ADHD. Associations are enriched in evolutionarily constrained genomic regions and loss-of-function intolerant genes and around brain-expressed regulatory marks. Analyses of three replication studies: a cohort of individuals diagnosed with ADHD, a self-reported ADHD sample and a meta-analysis of quantitative measures of ADHD symptoms in the population, support these findings while highlighting study-specific differences on genetic overlap with educational attainment. Strong concordance with GWAS of quantitative population measures of ADHD symptoms supports that clinical diagnosis of ADHD is an extreme expression of continuous heritable traits.