Electrical Energy Consumption of Multiscale UV-AOP Reactors for Micropollutant Removal in Drinking Water: Facilitated Prediction by Reaction Rate Constants Measured on a Mini-Fluidic Photoreaction System.

Electrical energy consumption per order ( E EO ) is an important figure-of-merit for the selection and optimization of ultraviolet (UV)-based advanced oxidation processes (UV-AOPs). However, E EO applications are limited by the lack of an accurate and facilitative evaluation method because E EO presents reactor property dependence. In this study, we developed an E EO prediction method for multiscale UV-AOP reactors for micropollutant removal in water. The method utilized the reaction rate constants determined in a reference reactor (e.g., mini-fluidic photoreaction system), complemented by a scale-up method that clarified the dependence of E EO on reactor properties. The predicted results of various UV-AOPs were verified experimentally in four bench/pilot-scale reactors in laboratory and a full-scale flow-through reactor (FFR) in field using sulfamethazine as a model micropollutant. For example, E EO values of 0.105 and 0.058 kWh m -3 order -1 were predicted in the FFR at H 2 O 2 doses of 5 and 10 mg L -1 , respectively, which generally agreed with verification results. Additionally, the developed method could assist the identification of appropriate reactors in the laboratory for E EO measurements, providing a valuable supplement for the E EO prediction in practice. The developed method presents acceptable accuracy, convenience, and low cost, which would significantly facilitate E EO evaluations for practical UV-AOP applications.