An On-Farm Workflow for Predictive Management of Paralytic Shellfish Toxin-Producing Harmful Algal Blooms for the Aquaculture Industry.
Rendy RuvindyPenelope A AjaniSereena AshlinGustaaf HallegraeffKerstin KlemmChristopher J BolchSarah UgaldeMark Van AstenStephen WoodcockMatthew TesorieroShauna A MurrayPublished in: Environmental science & technology (2024)
Paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) produced by marine dinoflagellates significantly impact shellfish industries worldwide. Early detection on-farm and with minimal training would allow additional time for management decisions to minimize economic losses. Here, we describe and test a standardized workflow based on the detection of sxtA4 , an initial gene in the biosynthesis of PSTs. The workflow is simple and inexpensive and does not require a specialized laboratory. It consists of (1) water collection and filtration using a custom gravity sampler, (2) buffer selection for sample preservation and cell lysis for DNA, and (3) an assay based on a region of sxtA , DinoDtec lyophilized quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay. Water samples spiked with Alexandrium catenella showed a cell recovery of >90% when compared to light microscopy counts. The performance of the lysis method (90.3% efficient), Longmire's buffer, and the DinoDtec qPCR assay (tested across a range of Alexandrium species (90.7-106.9% efficiency; r 2 > 0.99)) was found to be specific, sensitive, and efficient. We tested the application of this workflow weekly from May 2016 to 30th October 2017 to compare the relationship between sxtA4 copies L -1 in seawater and PSTs in mussel tissue ( Mytilus galloprovincialis ) on-farm and spatially (across multiple sites), effectively demonstrating an ∼2 week early warning of two A. catenella HABs ( r = 0.95). Our tool provides an early, accurate, and efficient method for the identification of PST risk in shellfish aquaculture.
Keyphrases
- high throughput
- single cell
- electronic health record
- high resolution
- single molecule
- escherichia coli
- randomized controlled trial
- label free
- stem cells
- mesenchymal stem cells
- genome wide
- clinical trial
- bone marrow
- optical coherence tomography
- transcription factor
- study protocol
- sensitive detection
- water quality
- tandem mass spectrometry