Effect of whole grain and fiber consumption on chronic liver diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objective : The aim of the present study was to conduct a meta-analysis of observational studies to explore the latest evidence on the influence of whole grain and fiber consumption on total chronic liver diseases. Methods : We searched the PubMed and Web of Science online databases and reference lists of eligible articles up to June, 2024. Results : The odds ratio (OR) between whole grain intake and total chronic liver disease risk was 0.90 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.81 to 0.99, p < 0.001) and indicated an OR of 0.65 (95% CI: 0.57 to 0.74, p < 0.001) between fiber intake and total chronic liver disease risk when comparing the highest and lowest total intake, both indicating a significant negative correlation. Furthermore, subgroup analysis revealed that the protective effect of whole grains on chronic liver diseases was the most significant in cirrhosis (OR = 0.65; 95% CI: 0.57 to 0.74) and mortality (OR = 0.37; 95% CI: 0.29 to 0.47). Conclusion : Whole grain and fiber intake has a protective effect on the risk of chronic liver diseases.