Mediastinal mayhem: the challenges of incidental thoracic arteriovenous malformations-a case report.

Due to the rarity of incidental AVMs in the middle/posterior mediastinum, no standard treatment protocol is available. This leaves clinicians and surgeons to manage the disease on a case-by-case basis, often with limited experience to guide their decisions. This patient case underscores the challenge of determining whether patients should be offered transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) or surgery. Furthermore, it highlights the intricate challenges that can arise when dealing with thoracic AVMs during cardiac procedures, emphasizing the importance of pre-operative awareness and tailored surgical approaches based on multidisciplinary discussions.