Effects of Concentrate Supplementation on Growth Performance, Rumen Fermentation, and Bacterial Community Composition in Grazing Yaks during the Warm Season.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of concentrate supplementation on the growth performance, serum biochemical parameters, rumen fermentation, and bacterial community composition of grazing yaks during the warm season. Eight male yaks (body weight, 123.96 ± 7.43 kg; 3-years) were randomly allocated to two treatments groups: grazing (n = 4, GY) and concentrate supplement group (n = 4, GYS). Concentrate supplementation increased the average daily gain (ADG) (p < 0.05). Glucose (GLU), total protein (TP), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) serum concentrations were significantly higher in the GYS group than in the GY group ( p < 0.05). Ammonia-N, MCP: microbial protein, and total volatile fatty acid concentrations were significantly higher in the GYS group than in the GY group ( p < 0.01), whereas the pH and acetate: propionate values were significantly decreased ( p < 0.01). The relative abundance of Firmicutes in the rumen fluid was significantly higher in the GYS group than in the GY group ( p < 0.01). At the genus level, the relative abundances of Succiniclasticum , Prevotellaceae_UCG_003 , Prevotellaceae_UCG_005 , and Ruminococcus_1 were significantly greater in the GY group than in the GYS group ( p < 0.01). In conclusion, concentrate supplementation improved yaks' growth potential during the warm season, improved ruminal fermentation, and altered core bacteria abundance.