Tunable multimodal printable up-/down-conversion nanomaterials for gradient information encryption.

Phosphor-based security techniques have received widespread attention because they can rely on fascinating optical properties (including multicolor emission and various luminous categories) to meet information protection requirements. Carbon dots (CDs) with multicolor fluorescence (FL) and room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) show enormous potential in advanced information encryption, yet the achievement of tunable multimodal printable CDs confronts numerous challenges. Herein, liquid CDs with color-tunable properties ranging from blue to red are obtained, and the decay time-tunable RTPs of powdered CDs are achieved with a post-treatment of urea in an o-phenylenediamine/H 2 O/H 3 PO 4 system. Based on various security inks, anti-counterfeiting patterns with multilevel security strength are produced through screen printing technology. Color-tunable security patterns are obtained based on different security inks containing multicolor liquid CDs. The security strength can be boosted by combining the color-tunable properties and dual-mode luminescence of FL and RTP. Furthermore, higher-level anti-counterfeiting is achieved by introducing near-infrared induced upconversion luminescence phosphors into CDs systems. The excellent security performance of gradient information encryption shows that the proposed strategy establishes superior coding capacity for advanced information encryption and provides a good reference for cutting-edge research.