Adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) are crucial in maintaining a low-grade inflammatory microenvironment in adipose tissues (ATs). Modulating ATM polarization to attenuate inflammation represents a potential strategy for treating obesity with insulin resistance. This study develops a combination therapy of celastrol (CLT) and phenformin (PHE) using chondroitin sulfate-derived micelles. Specifically, CLT-loaded 4-aminophenylboronic acid pinacol ester-modified chondroitin sulfate micelle (CS-PBE/CLT) and chondroitin sulfate-phenformin conjugate micelles (CS-PHE) were synthesized, which were shown to actively target ATs through CD44-mediated pathways. Furthermore, the dual micellar systems significantly reduced inflammation and lipid accumulation via protein quantification and Oil Red O staining. In preliminary in vivo studies, we performed H&E staining, immunohistochemical staining, insulin tolerance test, and glucose tolerance test, and the results showed that the combination therapy using CS-PBE/CLT and CS-PHE micelles significantly reduced the average body weight, white adipose tissue mass, and liver mass of high-fat diet-fed mice while improving their systemic glucose homeostasis. Overall, this combination therapy presents a promising alternative to current treatment options for diet-induced obesity.
Keyphrases
- combination therapy
- insulin resistance
- adipose tissue
- high fat diet
- hyaluronic acid
- high fat diet induced
- drug delivery
- cancer therapy
- low grade
- body weight
- type diabetes
- oxidative stress
- drug release
- polycystic ovary syndrome
- metabolic syndrome
- skeletal muscle
- high grade
- glycemic control
- stem cells
- dna damage
- flow cytometry
- blood glucose
- gene expression
- weight loss
- amino acid
- small molecule
- fatty acid
- risk assessment
- dna repair