Preclinical studies and clinical trials on mesenchymal stem cell therapy for knee osteoarthritis: A systematic review on models and cell doses.

Mesenchymal stem cells have shown great potential in improving pain relief and tissue protection in both preclinical and clinical studies of knee OA. Further high-quality preclinical and clinical studies are needed to explore the dose effectiveness relationship of MSC therapy and to translate the findings from preclinical studies to humans.