Current Status of Experimental Animal Skin Flap Models: Ischemic Preconditioning and Molecular Factors.
Ju-Hee LeeHi-Jin YouTae-Yul LeeHyo Jin KangPublished in: International journal of molecular sciences (2022)
Skin flaps are necessary in plastic and reconstructive surgery for the removal of skin cancer, wounds, and ulcers. A skin flap is a portion of skin with its own blood supply that is partially separated from its original position and moved from one place to another. The use of skin flaps is often accompanied by cell necrosis or apoptosis due to ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Proinflammatory cytokines, such as nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), inhibitor of kappa B (IκB), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and oxygen free radicals are known causative agents of cell necrosis and apoptosis. To prevent I/R injury, many investigators have suggested the inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines, stem-cell therapies, and drug-based therapies. Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) is a strategy used to prevent I/R injury. IPC is an experimental technique that uses short-term repetition of occlusion and reperfusion to adapt the area to the loss of blood supply. IPC can prevent I/R injury by inhibiting proinflammatory cytokine activity. Various stem cell applications have been studied to facilitate flap survival and promote angiogenesis and vascularization in animal models. The possibility of constructing tissue engineered flaps has also been investigated. Although numerous animal studies have been published, clinical data with regard to IPC in flap reconstruction have never been reported. In this study, we present various experimental skin flap methods, IPC methods, and methods utilizing molecular factors associated with IPC.
Keyphrases
- soft tissue
- nuclear factor
- breast reconstruction
- stem cells
- wound healing
- toll like receptor
- cerebral ischemia
- ischemia reperfusion injury
- oxidative stress
- single cell
- cell therapy
- rheumatoid arthritis
- skin cancer
- cell death
- emergency department
- endoplasmic reticulum stress
- current status
- randomized controlled trial
- inflammatory response
- systematic review
- electronic health record
- acute myocardial infarction
- vascular endothelial growth factor
- lps induced
- mesenchymal stem cells
- artificial intelligence
- big data
- left ventricular
- deep learning
- atrial fibrillation
- data analysis
- subarachnoid hemorrhage
- atomic force microscopy
- high resolution