Health-Oriented Emission Control Strategy of Energy Utilization and Its Co-CO 2 Benefits: A Case Study of the Yangtze River Delta, China.

Reducing air pollutants and CO 2 emissions from energy utilization is crucial for achieving the dual objectives of clean air and carbon neutrality in China. Thus, an optimized health-oriented strategy is urgently needed. Herein, by coupling a CO 2 and air pollutants emission inventory with response surface models for PM 2.5 -associated mortality, we shed light on the effectiveness of protecting human health and co-CO 2 benefit from reducing fuel-related emissions and generate a health-oriented strategy for the Yangtze River Delta (YRD). Results reveal that oil consumption is the primary contributor to fuel-related PM 2.5 pollution and premature deaths in the YRD. Significantly, curtailing fuel consumption in transportation is the most effective measure to alleviate the fuel-related PM 2.5 health impact, which also has the greatest cobenefits for CO 2 emission reduction on a regional scale. Reducing fuel consumption will achieve substantial health improvements especially in eastern YRD, with nonroad vehicle emission reductions being particularly impactful for health protection, while on-road vehicles present the greatest potential for CO 2 reductions. Scenario analysis confirms the importance of mitigating oil consumption in the transportation sector in addressing PM 2.5 pollution and climate change.