Immunotherapy in Acute Myeloid Leukemia: A Literature Review of Emerging Strategies.
Luca GuarneraCarlos Bravo-PerezValeria ViscontePublished in: Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) (2023)
In the last twenty years, we have witnessed a paradigm shift in the treatment and prognosis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), thanks to the introduction of new efficient drugs or approaches to refine old therapies, such as Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin, CPX 3-5-1, hypomethylating agents, and Venetoclax, the optimization of conditioning regimens in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and the improvement of supportive care. However, the long-term survival of non-M3 and non-core binding factor-AML is still dismal. For this reason, the expectations for the recently developed immunotherapies, such as antibody-based therapy, checkpoint inhibitors, and chimeric antigen receptor strategies, successfully tested in other hematologic malignancies, were very high. The inherent characteristics of AML blasts hampered the development of these treatments, and the path of immunotherapy in AML has been bumpy. Herein, we provide a detailed review of potential antigenic targets, available data from pre-clinical and clinical trials, and future directions of immunotherapies in AML.
Keyphrases
- acute myeloid leukemia
- allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
- acute lymphoblastic leukemia
- clinical trial
- healthcare
- palliative care
- dna damage
- randomized controlled trial
- electronic health record
- quality improvement
- oxidative stress
- machine learning
- cell proliferation
- current status
- pain management
- deep learning
- artificial intelligence
- big data
- smoking cessation
- dna binding
- double blind